Impact of Resin-Printer Combinations on Cytotoxicity and Gene Expression in Direct 3D-Printed Aligner Materials
PROGRESS IN ORTHODONTICS, cilt.11, sa.1, ss.100-105, 2026 (SCI-Expanded)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 11 Sayı: 1
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Dergi Adı: PROGRESS IN ORTHODONTICS
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED)
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.100-105
- Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Background: The present study aimed to evaluate real-time cytotoxicity and time-dependent gene expression responses of Tera Harz TA-28 DAC and Clear-A resins printed using LCD- and DLP-based printers.
Materials and Methods: Rectangular specimens (10×12×0.6 mm) were digitally designed using Blender for Dental software. Specimens were printed with Tera Harz TA-28 and Clear-A photopolymer resins using LCD-based (Ackuretta SOL,UNIZ NBEE) and DLP-based (Asiga Max,Anycubic Photon D2) printers. Undiluted extracts, prepared according to ISO 10993-12, were applied to HGF-1 cells and real-time cytotoxicity was monitored for 72 hours using the xCELLigence real-time cell analysis (RTCA) system. Gene expression levels of IL-6, HMOX1, and CASP3 in HGF-1 cells exposed to undiluted resin extracts were quantified at 2 and 72 hours using qRT-PCR.
Results: RTCA analysis demonstrated a mild and transient reduction in cell viability within the first 3 hours post-exposure (10–20%), followed by recovery at 5–6 hours and sustained high viability thereafter. Extracts from DLP-printed specimens showed slightly higher long-term viability (~97%) compared to LCD (~90%), a subtle difference that persisted through 72 hours. All groups remained above the ISO threshold. Gene expression analysis revealed an early upregulation of IL-6, HMOX1, and CASP3 at 2 hours, followed by a significant decline toward 72 hours across all groups. A transient printer-dependent difference was observed only for CASP3 at 2 hours, with lower expression in LCD-printed specimens.
Conclusion: Tera Harz TA-28 and Clear-A direct 3D-printed specimens demonstrated acceptable cytocompatibility across LCD- and DLP-based printers, showing only transient early stress responses without sustained cytotoxicity.