A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Grid Code Requirements for Renewable Power Plants and Energy Storage Systems Integration: Technical Requirements, Compliance Assessments, and Future Directions for Türkiye
Electronics (Switzerland), cilt.15, sa.5, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 15 Sayı: 5
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.3390/electronics15050968
- Dergi Adı: Electronics (Switzerland)
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Compendex, INSPEC
- Anahtar Kelimeler: active and reactive power control, energy storage system, fault ride through, frequency response, grid codes, renewable power plant, Turkish grid code
- Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
The rapid integration of inverter-based renewable energy sources (RES), particularly solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power plants (WPPs), together with the large-scale deployment of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) is fundamentally reshaping modern power systems. While these technologies are essential for decarbonization, their converter-dominated and variable characteristics introduce new challenges for grid stability, operational security, and regulatory compliance. As a result, grid codes are being continuously revised to define advanced technical requirements, including fault ride-through (FRT) capability, reactive power support, frequency response, voltage control, and active power management for RESs and energy storage systems (ESS). This study presents a systematic comparative assessment of international grid codes, examining the technical and operational requirements imposed on inverter-based resources (IBR) and ESSs across multiple jurisdictions. In parallel, the current Turkish Grid Code is evaluated from a future-oriented perspective, and recommendations that can improve the existing regulatory framework are proposed, particularly regarding high-voltage ride-through capability, synthetic inertia provision, fast frequency response (FFR), hybrid power plant (HPP) coordination, and ESS-specific performance criteria. Based on the comparative analysis, the study proposes targeted amendments to the Turkish Grid Code aimed at enhancing system resilience under high renewable penetration levels. Furthermore, field-testing methodologies, model-based validation practices, and emerging digitalized compliance monitoring architectures are investigated to assess their applicability to next-generation power systems. By integrating international best practices with country-specific recommendations, this work contributes to the development of transparent, adaptive, and technically robust grid code compliance frameworks, supporting both academic research and practical grid modernization efforts.